Within the Ginzburg-Landau functional framework for the superconducting transition, we analyze the fluctuation-driven shift of the critical temperature. In addition to the order parameter fluctuations, we also take into account the fluctuations of the vector potential above its vacuum. We detail the approximation scheme to include the fluctuating fields contribution, based on the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov-Popov framework. We give explicit results for d = 2 and d = 3 spatial dimensions, in terms of easily accessible experimental parameters such as the Ginzburg-Levanyuk number Gi(d), which is related to the width of the critical region where fluctuations cannot be neglected, and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter κ, defined as the ratio between the magnetic penetration length and the coherence one.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.A major technological challenge in materials research is the large and complex parameter space, which hinders experimental throughput and ultimately slows down development and implementation. In single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis, for instance, the poor yield obtained from conventional catalysts is a result of limited understanding of input-to-output correlations. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/capsazepine.html Autonomous closed-loop experimentation combined with advances in machine learning (ML) is uniquely suited for high-throughput research. Among the ML algorithms available, Bayesian optimization (BO) is especially apt for exploration and optimization within such high-dimensional and complex parameter space. BO is an adaptive sequential design algorithm for finding the global optimum of a black-box objective function with the fewest possible measurements. Here, we demonstrate a promising application of BO in CNT synthesis as an efficient and robust algorithm which can (1) improve the growth rate of CNT in the BO-planner experiments over the seed experiments up to a factor 8; (2) rapidly improve its predictive power (or learning); (3) Consistently achieve good performance regardless of the number or origin of seed experiments; (4) exploit a high-dimensional, complex parameter space, and (5) achieve the former 4 tasks in just over 100 hundred experiments (~8 experimental hours) - a factor of 5× faster than our previously reported results.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.Background Paradoxical low-flow (LF) severe aortic stenosis (AS) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) may have poorer prognosis than normal-flow (NF) AS, though its pathophysiology remained unclear. In particular, LV stiffness has not been compared between LF vs NF. We used a novel echocardiography-derived index of LV stiffness to compare between these groups. Consecutive patients with medically-managed isolated severe AS (aortic valve area 0.11 ml-1 was independently associated with increased mortality, after adjusting for age, clinical and echocardiographic parameters (HR 2.283 95% CI 1.318-3.968, p = 0.003). Non-invasive echocardiographic-derived index of LV stiffness may be important in LF AS. Increased LV stiffness was related to LV concentric remodelling and diastolic dysfunction, and associated with poorer clinical outcomes in medically-managed AS.A quantum scheme for cloud data sharing based on proxy re-encryption is proposed. The user Alice stores the cipher-text of her data on cloud data center. When Alice wants to share her data with another user Bob, Alice is called the delegator and Bob is called the delegatee. The cloud service provider (called the proxy) can convert the delegator's cipher-text into the delegatee's cipher-text without decrypting the former, so that the delegatee can get the plain-text of Alice's data with his private key. The proxy cannot obtain the plain-text of the user's data stored on cloud data center. Delegator in the protocol should have the ability of producing Bell states, performing Bell basis and Z-basis measurements, and storing qubits. The quantum requirements for the delegatee are reduced. The delegatee needs to have the ability of reflecting and performing Z-basis measurement. One secret at a time (one-time one-pad) is theoretically implemented, especially when the same data is shared multiple times. The anti-selection plain-text attack security and the anti-selective cipher-text attack security are realized. Fine-granularity secret data sharing is achieved flexibly.Biology utilizes multiple strategies, including sequestration in lipid vesicles, to raise the rate and specificity of chemical reactions through increases in effective molarity of reactants. We show that micelle-assisted reaction can facilitate native chemical ligations (NCLs) between a peptide-thioester - in which the thioester leaving group contains a lipid-like alkyl chain - and a Cys-peptide modified by a lipid-like moiety. Hydrophobic lipid modification of each peptide segment promotes the formation of mixed micelles, bringing the reacting peptides into close proximity and increasing the reaction rate. The approach enables the rapid synthesis of polypeptides using low concentrations of reactants without the need for thiol catalysts. After NCL, the lipid moiety is removed to yield an unmodified ligation product. This micelle-based methodology facilitates the generation of natural peptides, like Magainin 2, and the derivatization of the protein Ubiquitin. Formation of mixed micelles from lipid-modified reactants shows promise for accelerating chemical reactions in a traceless manner.Age-dependent changes in metabolism can manifest as cellular lipid accumulation, but how this accumulation is regulated or impacts longevity is poorly understood. We find that Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulate lipid droplets (LDs) during aging. We also find that over-expressing BNA2, the first Biosynthesis of NAD+ (kynurenine) pathway gene, reduces LD accumulation during aging and extends lifespan. Mechanistically, this LD accumulation during aging is not linked to NAD+ levels, but is anti-correlated with metabolites of the shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (SA) pathways (upstream of BNA2), which produce tryptophan (the Bna2p substrate). We provide evidence that over-expressed BNA2 skews glycolytic flux from LDs towards the SA-BNA pathways, effectively reducing LDs. Importantly, we find that accumulation of LDs does not shorten lifespan, but does protect aged cells against stress. Our findings reveal how lipid accumulation impacts longevity, and how aging cell metabolism can be rewired to modulate lipid accumulation independently from longevity.